Mitigating Litigation for Adventure Recreation Operators: The Ski Safety Act
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18666/JOREL-2017-V9-I4-8007Keywords:
adventure tourism, risk management, Ski Safety Act, avalancheAbstract
Adventure tourism is a rapidly growing segment of the tourism industry, which can be regarded as specific activities that are alluring for their uncertain and potentially dangerous outcomes. Risk-taking attitudes and behaviors may be common among adventure recreationists and increase the potential for litigation against recreation operators. In Fleury v. IntraWest Winter Park Operations Corporation (2014), delineation of an inherent danger or risk of skiing provided by the Ski Safety Act of 1979 was interpreted differently by various parties, giving rise to legal action. Because ski resort operators are typically granted immunity from damages resulting from inherent dangers of skiing, the interpretation of this statutory definition has implications for the liability attributed to the skier versus the resort operator and sets precedent for similar circumstances. This paper analyzes the aforementioned case and provides recommendations for adventure recreation operators in terms of risk management.
References
American Avalanche Association. (2015). U.S. avalanche course provide directory. Retrieved from http://www.avalanche.org/ edu_list.php?state=CO
Attarian, A. (2001). Trends in outdoor adventure education. Journal of Experiential Education, 24(3), 141-149.
Bentley, T. A., Cater, C., & Page, S. J. (2009). Adventure and ecotourism safety in Queensland: Operator experiences and practice. Tourism Management, 31, 563-571.
Blevins, J. (2014, June 12). Colorado skier visits surge to 12.6M in 2013-14, set new season record. The Denver Post. Retrieved from http://www.denverpost.com/business/ ci_25950508/colorado-skier-visits-surge-12-6m-2013-14?source=infinite-up
Cater, C. I. (2006). Playing with risk? Participant perceptions of risk and management implications in adventure tourism. Tourism Management, 27, 317–325.
Ewert, A., & Jamieson, L. (2003). Current status and future directions in the adventure tourism industry. In J. Wilks & S. J. Page (Eds.), Managing tourist health and safety in the new millennium (pp. 67-84). Oxford: Elsevier Science.
Fleury v. IntraWest Winter Park Operations Corporation, No. 13CA0517, 2014 WL 554237 (Co. Ct. App. 2014)
Kumar v. Copper Mountain, Inc., 431 Fed. Appx. 736 (U.S. Ct. App. 2014)
Lee, T. H., Tseng, C. H., & Jan, F. H. (2015). Risk-taking attitude and behavior of adventure recreationists: A review. Journal of Tourism Hospitality, 4(2), 149. doi:10.4172/2167-0269.1000149
McDonnell, S. (2016). Ski patrol job description. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved from http://work.chron.com/ski-patrol-job-description-18891.html
National Ski Area Association. (2013). NSAA fact sheet: Facts about skiing/snowboarding safety. Retrieved from http://www.nsaa.org/ media/175091/Facts_on_Skiing_and_ Snowboarding_ 10_4_13.pdf
National Snow and Ice Data Center. (2015). All about snow: Snow avalanches. Retrieved from https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/snow/ science/avalanches.html
Ski Safety Act of 1979. C.R.S.A. § 33-44-101 (1979)
Williams, P., & Soutar, G. (2007). Close to the “edge”: Critical issues for adventure tourism operators [Abstract]. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 10(3), 247-261.
World Tourism Organization. (2014). Global Report on Adventure Tourism. Retrieved from http://cf.cdn.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/ final_1global_report_on_adventure_tourism.pdf
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Sagamore Publishing LLC (hereinafter the “Copyright Owner”)
Journal Publishing Copyright Agreement for Authors
PLEASE REVIEW OUR POLICIES AND THE PUBLISHING AGREEMENT, AND INDICATE YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF THE TERMS BY CHECKING THE ‘AGREE TO THE TERMS OF THIS COPYRIGHT NOTICE’ CHECKBOX BELOW.
I understand that by submitting an article to Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, I am granting the copyright to the article submitted for consideration for publication in Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership to the Copyright Owner. If after consideration of the Editor of the Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, the article is not accepted for publication, all copyright covered under this agreement will be automatically returned to the Author(s).
THE PUBLISHING AGREEMENT
Assignment of Copyright
I hereby assign to the Copyright Owner the copyright in the manuscript I am submitting in this online procedure and any tables, illustrations or other material submitted for publication as part of the manuscript in all forms and media (whether now known or later developed), throughout the world, in all languages, for the full term of copyright, effective when the article is accepted for publication.
Reversion of Rights
Articles may sometimes be accepted for publication but later be rejected in the publication process, even in some cases after public posting in “Articles in Press” form, in which case all rights will revert to the Author.
Retention of Rights for Scholarly Purposes
I understand that I retain or am hereby granted the Retained Rights. The Retained Rights include the right to use the Preprint, Accepted Manuscript, and the Published Journal Article for Personal Use and Internal Institutional Use.
All journal material is under a 12 month embargo. Authors who would like to have their articles available as open access should contact Sagamore-Venture for further information.
In the case of the Accepted Manuscript and the Published Journal Article, the Retained Rights exclude Commercial Use, other than use by the author in a subsequent compilation of the author’s works or to extend the Article to book length form or re-use by the author of portions or excerpts in other works.
Published Journal Article: the author may share a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI.
Author Representations
- The Article I have submitted to the journal for review is original, has been written by the stated author(s) and has not been published elsewhere.
- The Article was not submitted for review to another journal while under review by this journal and will not be submitted to any other journal.
- The Article contains no libelous or other unlawful statements and does not contain any materials that violate any personal or proprietary rights of any other person or entity.
- I have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in the Article.
- If the Article was prepared jointly with other authors, I have informed the co-author(s) of the terms of this Journal Publishing Agreement and that I am signing on their behalf as their agent, and I am authorized to do so.