Environmental Prompts and Positive Reinforcement: A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of a Sportsmanship Intervention in Youth Basketball

Abstract

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a positive behavior intervention program introduced in a youth recreational basketball league. Amid increasing concerns over poor sportsmanship and antisocial behaviors in youth sports—ranging from verbal abuse to aggressive play—the program aimed to foster prosocial behaviors like respect and kindness among players, coaches, and fans. The intervention included behavioral messaging, signage, and a system of positive reinforcement through player recognition, with the goal of promoting prosocial behaviors and reducing negative conduct. Using a quasi-experimental design, the program was examined by examining perceptions of behavior from 2,200 participants, including parents, coaches, and recreation staff. The findings revealed only marginal impact. While multivariate analysis showed statistically significant differences between groups, the effect size was minimal. Interestingly, participants exposed to the intervention reported slightly lower negative coach behavior, but also slightly lower positive player behavior—suggesting limited or mixed influence of the intervention on actual conduct. Participants who were aware of the program exhibited lower ratings across both positive and negative behavior categories, possibly indicating a perception bias or increased behavioral scrutiny rather than genuine behavioral change. Analyses examining exposure to program elements revealed similarly limited effects. Frequent visibility of intervention signage was associated with increased reports of negative behavior, which may reflect heightened behavioral awareness rather than actual behavioral deterioration. These findings point to the complex nature of behavior change in youth sport environments and suggest that superficial exposure to messaging is unlikely to be sufficient. For park and recreation administrators, the results highlight the importance of program fidelity, consistent stakeholder engagement, and structured implementation. Programs designed to influence participant behavior must consider not only the content and frequency of messaging but also the delivery mechanisms, training of adult influencers, and reinforcement structures. Future efforts should emphasize strategic integration of behavior programs into the broader organizational culture and ensure that staff and volunteers are adequately equipped to model and reinforce desired behaviors. Ongoing evaluation will be essential to support evidence-based program refinement and improve outcomes in youth sports settings.