An Evaluation of Rule-Based Decision Support Methods in Norway 2005-2014: Practical Implications for Avalanche Education

Authors

  • Linda Hallandvik Sogn og Fjordane University College
  • Off Lennart Vikene Sogn og Fjordane University College
  • Eivind Aadland Sogn og Fjordane University College

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18666/JOREL-2015-V7-I2-7008

Keywords:

fatal avalanche accidents, outdoor recreation, Elementary Reduction Method, Obvious Clues Method, decision making

Abstract

The rate of recreational avalanche accidents has increased internationally in recent years. The purpose of this study was to (1) investigate how many historical (2005-2014) fatal avalanche accidents in Norway could have been prevented by using the Elementary Reduction Method (ERM) and the Obvious Clues Method (OCM/ALPTRUTh) and (2) discuss practical implications for decision making in avalanche terrain and avalanche education. We investigated 30 fatal slab avalanche accidents, of which 93% and 100% could have been prevented by applying the ERM and OCM (3 or more positive clues), respectively. Although experts are able to use 'higher level rules' as a result of their experience, novices are not. Thus, we conclude methods such as the ERM and OCM could help novices develop expertise. Such decision-making aids are practical tools to help novices recognize critical conditions and to facilitate their ability to acquire expertise that goes beyond the use of simple checklists.

Downloads

Published

2015-10-09

Issue

Vol. 7 No. 2 (2015)

Section

Regular Papers

License

Sagamore Publishing LLC (hereinafter the “Copyright Owner”)

Journal Publishing Copyright Agreement for Authors

PLEASE REVIEW OUR POLICIES AND THE PUBLISHING AGREEMENT, AND INDICATE YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF THE TERMS BY CHECKING THE ‘AGREE TO THE TERMS OF THIS COPYRIGHT NOTICE’ CHECKBOX BELOW.

I understand that by submitting an article to Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, I am granting the copyright to the article submitted for consideration for publication in Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership to the Copyright Owner. If after consideration of the Editor of the Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, the article is not accepted for publication, all copyright covered under this agreement will be automatically returned to the Author(s).

THE PUBLISHING AGREEMENT

Assignment of Copyright


I hereby assign to the Copyright Owner the copyright in the manuscript I am submitting in this online procedure and any tables, illustrations or other material submitted for publication as part of the manuscript in all forms and media (whether now known or later developed), throughout the world, in all languages, for the full term of copyright, effective when the article is accepted for publication.

Reversion of Rights

Articles may sometimes be accepted for publication but later be rejected in the publication process, even in some cases after public posting in “Articles in Press” form, in which case all rights will revert to the Author.

Retention of Rights for Scholarly Purposes

I understand that I retain or am hereby granted the Retained Rights. The Retained Rights include the right to use the Preprint, Accepted Manuscript, and the Published Journal Article for Personal Use and Internal Institutional Use.

All journal material is under a 12 month embargo. Authors who would like to have their articles available as open access should contact Sagamore-Venture for further information.

In the case of the Accepted Manuscript and the Published Journal Article, the Retained Rights exclude Commercial Use, other than use by the author in a subsequent compilation of the author’s works or to extend the Article to book length form or re-use by the author of portions or excerpts in other works.

Published Journal Article: the author may share a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI.

Author Representations

  • The Article I have submitted to the journal for review is original, has been written by the stated author(s) and has not been published elsewhere. 

  • The Article was not submitted for review to another journal while under review by this journal and will not be submitted to any other journal. 

  • The Article contains no libelous or other unlawful statements and does not contain any materials that violate any personal or proprietary rights of any other person or entity.
  • I have obtained written permission from copyright owners for any excerpts from copyrighted works that are included and have credited the sources in the Article.
  • If the Article was prepared jointly with other authors, I have informed the co-author(s) of the terms of this Journal Publishing Agreement and that I am signing on their behalf as their agent, and I am authorized to do so.